
Charles asks…
What grade would you give this piece of coursework?
Intro:
In this paper, I aim to explore and analyse the use of stem cells, gain an understanding of how they work, discover their potential and look at the intense debate which surrounds the issue, with an unbiased approach.
Inside an embryo no bigger than the full stop at the end of this sentence are dozens of stem cells. (*) Initially, these cells are blank slates, meaning that their fate is undecided, they have great potential. Stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of becoming any of the more than 200 types of specialized cells in our bodies.
Their almost limitless potential has no doubt attracted a lot of media attention and also made stem cells a significant focus of medical research. Imagine having the ability to return memory to an Alzheimer’s patient, restore skin that was previously lost during a fatal accident, or to enable a wheelchair-bound person to walk again. These are the scientist’s intentions however before scientists can use stem cells for medical purposes, they must first learn how to manipulate stem cells to get them to develop into specific tissues or organs.
What Is a Stem Cell?
A stem cell is basically the building block of the human body. The stem cells contained in embryos, eventually give rise to every cell, organ and tissue in the fetus’ body. Unlike a regular cell, which can only replicate to create more its own kind of cell, a stem cell is pluripotent, meaning they are capable of becoming any of the more than 220 types of specialized cells in our bodies. Stem cells also have the ability to self renew- they can produce themselves many times over.
Types of Cells:
There are two types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells come from an embryo – the mass of cells in the earliest stage of human development that, if implanted into a woman’s womb, will eventually develop into a fetus. When the embryo is between three and five days old, it contains the stem cells in which are busily working to produce the various organs and tissues that will soon make up the fetus.
Adults also have stem cells in the heart, brain, bone marrow, lungs and other organs. They are our built-in repair kits, regenerating cells damaged by disease, injury and everyday wear and tear. Adult stem cells were once believed to be more limited than stem cells, only giving rise to the same type of tissue from which they originated. But new research suggests that adult stem cells may have the potential to generate other types of cells, as well. For example, liver cells may be coaxed to produce insulin, which is normally made by the pancreas. This capability is known as plasticity or transdifferentiation. So where do scientists get the stem cells they use in their research?
How to get human embryos
Embryos can either be made via reproduction – merging sperm and egg – or by cloning. Researchers aren’t likely to create an embryo with sperm and egg, but many use fertilized embryos from fertility clinics. Sometimes, couples who are trying to have a baby create several fertilized embryos and don’t implant them all. They may donate the ones that are left over to science.
Another way to create an embryo is via a technique called therapeutic cloning. This technique merges a cell (from the patient who needs the stem cell therapy) with a donor egg. The nucleus is removed from the egg and replaced with the nucleus of the patient’s cell. This egg is encouraged to divide either chemically or with electricity, and the resulting embryo carries the patient’s genetic material, which significantly reduces the risk that his or her body will reject the stem cells once they are implanted.
How to Make Stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from blastocyst – embryos that are about a week old. At this stage, the blastocyst has about 100 cells. In order to get embryonic stem cell lines, scientists remove the cells from the inner mass area region. Once the cells are removed they are placed on a culture plate with nutrients and growth factors. The blastocyst is destroyed in the process. An embryonic cell line can then be recognized, when these cells begin to multiply and divide. Under the right conditions, these cell lines can be maintained indefinitely.
Treatments:
If scientists can ultimately learn how to direct stem cells to differentiate into one type of tissue or another, they can use them for two very important medical purposes.
First, pluripotent stem cells can be used to test new medications for safety and effectiveness. A medication could be tried out on a specific type of cell to gauge its response far more quickly than it could be tested in clinical trials. For example, scientists could use a cancer stem cell line to investigate whether a new anti-tumor drug stopped the cancer from growing.
Stem cells could also be used to repair cells or tissues that have been damaged by disease or injury. This type of treatment is known a

MarriageCounseling answers:
I only skim-read it…but i would give it a B and maybe an A

Sandra asks…
Can I help my wife with this kind of therapeutic intervention?
I’m trying to help my wife with her eating disorder, she is a great person and has a great personality, but for somehow, whenever I bring to the table the fact that she suffers from an eating disorder she gets extremelly defensive and sudendly shuts down. She is petite and she feels proud of that. On the days that I am off from work, we like to go to the gym and have a great time working out. Althrough we are happily married, we’re a childless couple as neither of us want children yet, someday, but not for right now. We been married for three wonderful years. I love when we watch movies in the privacy of our home not having kids around jumping and been the middle of everything. We can love each other with no urge of, if someone will wake up or call “ma’ma’.”
In the mornings, on the days that I’m off from work, we’ve breakfast together or if I don’t police patrol the streets of NY, we go and have breakfast at IHOP with the tranquility of the world. My wife, also works, she love sher job as a secretary, but her schedule is more a Monday through Friday type of work, mine is different. Our lives is almost too perfect for many married couples, I guess, not having kids, makes the difference to a certain extend. It enables me to concentrate on my wife 100%, I love to make her happy, to see her smile, to suprise her with red roses, and not to mention that every aniversary is UNIQUE!
But, when I press a little bit on the subject of her eating disorder, she suddendly changes, she HATES to talk about that. One night, as I was brushing my teeth, she approached the bathroom and throw up, kind of letting me know that she didn’t care if I was there or not, she doesn’t even mind that I see her vomiting; That was the very first time, I saw her doing that, I could not believe my eyes.
After a year or so of insisting I finally convence her to take her to therapy and so we are attending therapy together and talking about her eating disorder, the therapist instructs me on how to deal with my wife when she has this urge to throw up. Her therapist, told me to try a technique that prohibits her from going to the bathroom to throw it all up, it’s a kindof a confrontation technique, I tried it for the first time the other night, and even if takes all the energy I got, I think it is going to work, let see what do you think?
The other evening, when we finish dinner, I could read it in her eyes that she was wanting to throw up. Right after dinner, she wanted to go and take a shower, I said: hmm… a shower, at this time? I told her that she could go and take a shower, but the door had to remained open, she got upset, stating that she could not take a shower with the door open, so I said, that if she could not take a shower with the door open, she were not allow to take a shower at all. As she approached the bathroom door, so did I and standed by the bathroom door with my arms crossed and the dialogue went something like this:
Me: (her name) I know what are you up to, you are not throwing up the only food I’ve seen you eating in a whole week, period.
She: (my name) let me get into the bathroom, as she was gently pushing me
Me: (her name) relax, you are NOT entering the bathroom, not to throw up!
She: MOVE! (elevating her voice and begining to get upset)
Note: the therapist advised me that I’ll make her upset and that will be okay, as long as she keep venting her anger, that is the whole idea, also as long as she does not hurt herself, we’ll be fine! She can scream, cry, this maybe what she needs in order to let it out and swap it for throwing up.
Me: (her name) I want you to relax, why don’t you try to slowly breethe and try to calm down, do you want me to help you? I am here for you!
She: NOOOO! Move, please (at this point she was in tears, because she was not getting her way)
Note: I kept standing by the bathroom door firm, with my arms crossed, keeping my coolness and continue on calming her down. I thought that crying could help her release some anger and that was okay as well.
Me: (her name) relax, lets talk about this, maybe what you need is to release your frustration and the anger you feel towards me in words.
She: I hate you!
Me: It’s okay, you can hate me all you want, but you are not going to throw up.
Note: At that point, I convenced her to lay down on the bed as I sat right beside her. At one point she started to force herself to get up and go to the bathroom to vomit, I GENTLE hold her arms down (as therapist instructed me if I could get her to lay down in bed or in a cautch) impiding her to get up. She begun to scream and shouting, I continue on been there holding her down, softly, and continue on talking in a soft and calm tone of voice, “common sweety, let it all out, cried it out if you need to, it seems to be bothering you inside.” And continue on asking,
Me: What is bothering you inside?
Note: She continue on moving from side to side
Me: When you throw u

MarriageCounseling answers:
Although I understand the view point, I completely disagree with this method. Eating disorders are usually about control. When a woman like your wife feels like she has no control over the things in her life, she finds a way to control her weight. It is powerful to her. Yes, it is a sickness that needs to be stopped. However, even though you are genuinely trying to help her, she will subconsciously see you as controlling which is very counter productive.
If you want to help her I recommend that you do 2 things.
1st, help her find a hobby or a passion that she can be in control of. Idol hands are the Devils playground. Keep her busy.
2nd, Try backing off. Let her let you in. Once she feels safe with you again ( remember, you may have some work to do, because stopping her before made her put up an emotional wall) , then focus on what you love about her, not what you want her to stop. At first she may smile and pass your compliment off. Be tough. Keep offering her your praise. You may feel like you are having to give her excessive compliments. Eventually, she will begin to see that you mean it. That you love her.
Love, trust, support, and understanding is what she needs from you!

Mandy asks…
Custody of disabled child?
My boyfriend and I have 2 children, 31 months and 16 months. The youngest one has a mild form of cerebral palsy in which she can not use her left arm. She does have a therapist that comes to our home and teaches me techniques to do with her to overcome her disability. I am the only one who does her therapy with her never her father. My question really is who would obtain custody if my boyfriend and I part ways? I know he would not put in the time each day to do her therapy with her and she will never improve in her condition. He is the primary financial provider. I work part time with little pay, go to school full time to become a nurse, and take care of the kids the majority of the time with the exception of 4 hours a day a couple times a week. I have a misdemenor of disorderly conduct, no family members, and his family does not like me due to the fact that he lies about the fights we have and always tell them it’s my fault. Who will more than likely get custody?

MarriageCounseling answers:
If he’s not willing to do what is required for the child now I seriously doubt he’s going to want custody. They’re going to go by who is the more fit parent and better able to meet the childs needs. Obviously you are the one meeting the needs regarding her disability. Normally the mother gets custody unless the father can prove her unfit. (Before everyone else jumps me, I’m stating the facts not that I agree with it.) I don’t think the misdemeanor is going to factor in at all provided it wasn’t anything that could have endangered your children and isn’t something you continue to do today. Best of luck!

John asks…
Taking 4 year old who doesnt talk much to behavioral specialist?
I have a son who has a signifigant speech delay he is 4 years old and doesnt talk much at all.He is in speech therapy and goes to early childhood. He has also been seen by a child neroulogist who has put him on medicine for add/adhd.Will the neroulogist recommended seeing a behavior specialist for him because he is hitting and stuff, to get discipline techniques,we saw one in my local town and she just said he was an angry little boy and we had missed one appointment then said we couldnt come to her. At this same clinic there are a couple of other people.Then in my local town there is one other place that has psychologists and stuff. My question is should I take him back to this old place and see someone else or try a new place. Otherwise I know a town thats about 50-70 miles away where they have child psychologists and stuff. Or without my son talking should I just go and get discipline techniques for myself.
My son has already been tested for autisim and was found not to have.

MarriageCounseling answers:
No one can diagnose your son online, so I’m not trying to do that. What concerns me here are these points:
* Your four year old has been diagnosed with ADD and is taking medication for it. Four is very young to have that diagnosis…and to be taking narcotics for it.
* Someone has told you that your four year old does not have autism. Autism is very difficult to diagnose in children under age six. I am not saying that your child does have autism; just that it is a bit early to rule it out completely.
Request new evaluations by different people. If you live in the U.S., the elementary school in your neighborhood can do the required testing to see if your son has delays and requires special services (special ed. Preschool, school-based speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, behavioral therapy, etc.). These tests are free and must be completed within sixty days of your initial request…even if you request it during the summer when school is not in session. I strongly suggest that you request a comprehensive evaluation from your school district. Provide the school with the reports of your son’s previous evaluations as well.
Good luck to both of you.
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